Introduction
History
Morphology
Terminology
Head
Antenna
Thorax
Leg
Wing
Abdomen
Genitalia
Chaetotaxy
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Addition
ESEM
Glossary
Phylogeny
Distribution
Ecology
Biology
Collecting
Determination
Photography
References
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Male
Fig. 1: male genitalia, dorsal and lateral
Dysmachus
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Fig. 1:
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1 = |
male terminalia; postabdomen; hypopygium [1]; male genitalia [6]
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2 = |
abdominal tergite 8, abd tg 8 [1/2]
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3 = |
abdominal sternite 8, abd st 8 [1/2/4]
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4 = |
hypandrium, hypd = abdominal sternite 9 [1/2/3/4/5/6/9]
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5 = |
epandrium (pl. epandria), epand = abdominal tergite 9 [1/2/3/5/6]; sometimes with articulates surstylus (part. in Leptogastrinae) [1/9]; superior forceps [4]
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6 = |
epandrial lobe [3]
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7 = |
cerci (sg. cercus) cerc [1/3/5/9]; proctiger [2/4/6]; surstyli [1]; dorsal: epiproct [1/6]; lamellae [4]; ventral: hypoproct [1/6]; ventral lamella [5] and subanal plate with anus [5]
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8 = |
gonocoxite, goncx [1/2/3/6]; basimere [1]; basistylus [5]; gonocoxa; outer style [#]
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9 = |
gonostylus, gonst [1/3/6/9]; distimere; clasper [1]; dististylus [2/5]; inner style [#]
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8+9 = |
gonopod; anterior gonapophyse; pregonites; harpagone; paramere [1/5]; clasper [4]
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10 = |
aedeagus, aed [1/9]; copulatory organ; intromittent organ; mesosome; penis; phallosome; phallus [1]
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Fig. 2: male genitalia, gonopod
Machimus
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Fig. 2:
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11 = |
gonocoxale apodeme [1/6]
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12 = |
? [#]
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13 = |
basal lobe [1]
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14 = |
gonocoxale foramen ? [#]
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15 = |
? [#]
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16 = |
apical lobe [1]; posterior process [#]
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17 = |
? [#]
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18 = |
? [#]
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19 = |
? [#]
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Fig. 3: male genitalia, aedeagus - Apoclea and Grypoctonus
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Fig. 3:
20 = aedeagal apodeme, aed apod [1/2/9]; ejaculatory apodeme [6]. -
21 = paramere, pm (also 22) [1/3]; parandrite; paraphyse; penis valves; posterior gonapophyse [1]; paralobe [4]; lateral ejaculatory process [6]; lateral apodeme [9]. -
22 =
aedeagal sheath [2/3]; parameral sheath; phallic sheath [6]; paramere sheath [Cannings, 2002]; dorsal and ventral aedeagal sheath (in Leptogastrinae e.g.) [9]. -
23 = basiphallus, bph; phallobase; phallophore; theca [1]. -
24 = distiphallus, distiph; juxta; phallus [1]. -
25 = endoaedeagal process [6]. -
26 = lateral connection column [2]. -
27 = opening of gland [2]. -
28 = endoaedeagus [2]; endoaedeagal tube [Cannings, 2002]. -
29 = gonopore, gonp [1/9]; phallotremata [1]; genital pore [Cannings, 2002]. -
30 = endophallus [1] - non Hennig, 1976; prong [2]; tube [3]. -
31 = ? [#]. -
32 = ventral process [Cannings, 2002]. -
33 = dorsoventral carina [Cannings, 2002]. -
34 = ? [#]. -
35 = ? [#]. -
36 = parameral sheath [6]. -
37 = sperm sac (within the parameral sheath) [6]. -
38 = 22
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Female
Fig. 4: female genitalia, lateral
a. Machimus - b. Dysmachus - c. Laphria - d. Antipalus - e. Stichopogon
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Fig. 4:
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female terminalia; ovipositor [1]
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1 = |
abdominal tergite 7, abd tg 7 [1]
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2 = |
abdominal tergite 8, abd tg 8 [1]
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3 = |
abdominal tergite 9 + 10 ?, abd tg 9+10 [1]
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4 = |
paired cerci (sg. cercus), cerc [1/2]; anal lamellae [2]
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5 = |
abdominal sternite 7, abd st 7 [1]
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6 = |
abdominal sternite 8, abd st 8 [1]; apex in e: Hypogynial valve [Cannings, 2002]
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7 = |
abdominal sternite 9 ?, abd st 9 [1] [abd st 9 is absent in Orthorrhapha sensu Nagatomi & Iwata (1976)]
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8 = |
apex of abdominal tergite 9 [#]
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10 = |
acanthophorite = abdominal tergites 10, which is subdivided into 2 hemitergites [1]; not: abdominal tergite 9 [4]
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11 = |
acanthophorite spines [1/4]
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Fig. 5: female genitalia, spermatheca - Dysmachus [after Theodor, 1980]
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Fig. 5:
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internal structures: spermatheca [1]; receptaculum seminis [8]
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1 = |
reservoir, forms a coiled tube or sclerotized spiral [2]; terminal reservoir [Cannings, 2002]
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2 = |
glands [2]
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3 = |
duct [1/2/8]; reservoir duct [Cannings, 2002]
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4 = |
muscle [2]; muscular sheath [8]
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5 = |
ejection apperatus [2]; spermathecal opening ? [1]
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6 = |
valve of ejection apperatus [2]
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7 = |
apodeme of furca [2]
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8 = |
accessory gland [1/2/8]; appendicular gland; colleterial gland; parovaria [1]
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9 = |
furca (= abd st 9) [2]
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10 = |
common duct [2]
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11 = |
genital chamber [1/8]; vagina [2/8]; bursa copulatrix [8]
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References
[1] McAlpine, J.F. (1981): Morphology and terminology - Adults. - In: McAlpine, J.P. et al. (eds.): Manuel of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1; p. 9-63 - Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 27.
[2] Theodor, O. (1980): Fauna Palaestina - Insecta II - Diptera: Asilidae; 446 pp. - Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Science and Humantities.
[3] Wood, G.C. (1981): Asilidae. - In: McAlpine, J.P. et al. (eds.): Manuel of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1; p. 549-573 - Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 27.
[4] Hull, F.M. (1962): Robber flies of the world, 2 volumes; 907 pp. - Washington: Bulletin of the United States National Museum 224 (1,2).
[5] Artigas, J.N. (1967): The Asilidae (Diptera) of Chile, 2 Vols. - Xerography of Doctoral Diss., University Microfilms: 674 pp.; Ann Arbor.
[6] Sinclair, B.J. & Cumming, J.M. & Wood, D.M. (1994): Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera - Lower Brachycera. - Entomologica scandinavica 24: 407-432; Copenhagen.
[7] Reichardt, H. (1929): Untersuchungen über den Genitalapparat der Asiliden. - Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 135: 257-301; Leipzig.
[8] Snodgrass, R.E. (1935): Principles of insect morphology [reprint 1993]; 667 pp. - Cornell University Press.
[9] Dikow, T. (2001): Revision of the genus Euscelidia Westwood,1850 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) [part 1] & A phylogenetic analysis of Euscelidia Westwood,1850 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) based on morphological characters [part 2]. - Rostock: Diploma thesis [unpublished]; 156 pp.
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